Burden of influenza-associated respiratory hospitalizations in the Americas, 2010-2015.

BACKGROUND: Despite having influenza vaccination policies and programs, countries in the Americas underutilize seasonal influenza vaccine, in part because of insufficient evidence about severe influenza burden. We aimed to estimate the annual burden of influenza-associated respiratory hospitalizations in the Americas. METHODS: Thirty-five countries in the Americas with national influenza surveillance were invited to provide monthly laboratory data and hospital discharges for respiratory illness (International Classification of Diseases 10th edition J codes 0-99) during 2010-2015. In three age-strata (<5, 5-64, and ≥65 years), we estimated the influenza-associated hospitalizations rate by multiplying the monthly number of respiratory hospitalizations by the monthly proportion of influenza-positive samples and dividing by the census population. We used random effects meta-analyses to pool age-group specific rates and extrapolated to countries that did not contribute data, using pooled rates stratified by age group and country characteristics found to be associated with rates. RESULTS: Sixteen of 35 countries (46%) contributed primary data to the analyses, representing 79% of the America's population. The average pooled rate of influenza-associated respiratory hospitalization was 90/100,000 population (95% confidence interval 61-132) among children aged <5 years, 21/100,000 population (13-32) among persons aged 5-64 years, and 141/100,000 population (95-211) among persons aged ≥65 years. We estimated the average annual number of influenza-associated respiratory hospitalizations in the Americas to be 772,000 (95% credible interval 716,000-829,000). CONCLUSIONS: Influenza-associated respiratory hospitalizations impose a heavy burden on health systems in the Americas. Countries in the Americas should use this information to justify investments in seasonal influenza vaccination-especially among young children and the elderly.

PCR-Based Method for Shigella flexneri Serotyping: International Multicenter Validation.

Shigella spp. are a leading cause of human diarrheal disease worldwide, with Shigella flexneri being the most frequently isolated species in developing countries. This serogroup is presently classified into 19 serotypes worldwide. We report here a multicenter validation of a multiplex-PCR-based strategy previously developed by Q. Sun, R. Lan, Y. Wang, A. Zhao, et al. (J Clin Microbiol 49:3766-3770, 2011) for molecular serotyping of S. flexneri This study was performed by seven international laboratories, with a panel of 71 strains (researchers were blind to their identity) as well as 279 strains collected from each laboratory's own local culture collections. This collaborative work found a high extent of agreement among laboratories, calculated through interrater reliability (IRR) measures for the PCR test that proved its robustness. Agreement with the traditional method (serology) was also observed in all laboratories for 14 serotypes studied, while specific genetic events could be responsible for the discrepancies among methodologies in the other 5 serotypes, as determined by PCR product sequencing in most of the cases. This work provided an empirical framework that allowed the use of this molecular method to serotype S. flexneri and showed several advantages over the traditional method of serological typing. These advantages included overcoming the problem of availability of suitable antisera in testing laboratories as well as facilitating the analysis of multiple samples at the same time. The method is also less time-consuming for completion and easier to implement in routine laboratories. We recommend that this PCR be adopted, as it is a reliable diagnostic and characterization methodology that can be used globally for laboratory-based shigella surveillance.

[Performance of Cholera-SMART and Pathogen-Detection-Kit in the quick diagnosis of cholera]. / Desempeño de los sistemas Cholera-SMART y Pathogen-Detection-Kit en el diagnóstico rápido del cólera.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the performance of two rapid systems for the diagnosis of cholera with the culture method, and to propose a strategy for improving the specificity and sensitivity of these systems and reducing the costs involved in making a diagnosis. METHODS: The following institutions participated in the study: the National Bacteriology Referral Center (Centro Nacional de Referencia en Bacteriologia, CNRB) of the Costa Rican Institute for Research and Teaching in Nutrition and Health (Instituto Costarricense de Investigacion y Ensenanza en Nutricion y Salud, INCIENSA) and various hospitals in the provinces of Alajuela, Guanacaste and San Jose, in Costa Rica. A total of 237 feces samples were used to asses the performance of two tests for the rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae 01: the Pathogen Detection Kit (PDK, Intelligent Monitoring Systems, Gainesville, Florida, USA) and Cholera-SMART (New Horizons Diagnostics Corp., Columbia, Maryland, USA), both when applied directly (direct SMART and direct PDK) and when applied to specimens cultured in broth-enriched medium for 6 hours (SMART-6 and CPK-6) and for 18 hours (SMART-18 and PDK-18) at 37 degrees C in alkaline peptone water. Liquid and partially formed stools were cultured and examined by means of the rapid direct test; when the initial result was negative, the tests were repeated after culture for periods of 6 and 18 hours. Rectal and fecal swabs were obtained from feces cultured in enriched-broth medium for 6 and 18 hours. In addition, we studied the sensitivity of the rapid testing systems by using pure cultures of V. cholerae 01 (strain SOS-833, CNRB, Costa Rica) that were incubated for 18 to 24 hours, and we assessed the usefulness of observing motility under the microscope in order to rationalize the use of rapid methods. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the direct SMART test and of the direct PDK test was 100% when samples obtained from liquid and partially formed stools and from the intestinal contents of dead bodies were used. With these samples, the direct SMART procedure showed a specificity of 100%, whereas the direct PDK procedure showed a specificity that ranged from 85.7% to 77.4%, depending on the type of sample. False positives obtained with the direct PDK method turned out to be negative with PDK-6 and PDK-18. Among the rectal and fecal swabs of persons with and without diarrhea or who had received prior treatment with antibiotics, three results that were negative with the SMART-6 procedure and two that were negative with the PDK-6 procedure turned out to be positive with the SMART-18 and PDK-18 procedures, respectively. Both systems showed excellent concordance (kappa index above 0.9) throughout. Both systems were sensitive to 6 x 10(7) colony-forming units per milliliter (cfu/mL), which was concordant with the microscopic observation of 10 microorganisms or more per field with the type of motility that characterizes vibrios (at 1000 x magnification). Samples having fewer than 10 microorganisms with the motility that characterizes vibrios had concentrations between 6 x 10(3) and 6 x 10(6) cfu/mL and became positive only after incubation in enriched-broth medium for 6 to 18 hours. We propose a strategy for diagnosing the presence of V. cholerae 01 infection in less time than it takes with traditional methods, with positive and negative predictive values of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: The SMART and PDK systems make it possible to accurately diagnose cholera quickly, don't require sophisticated equipment or highly qualified technical personnel, and perform satisfactorily in field conditions. Through the proposed strategy, it becomes possible to improve the specificity and sensitivity of these systems and to reduce the cost of making a diagnosis, thus making them suitable for use in cholera surveillance in low-income settings where this disease is a serious public health problem.

Desempeño de los sistemas Cholera-SMART® y Pathogen-Detection-Kit® en el diagnóstico rápido del cólera / Performance of Cholera-SMART® and Pathogen-Detection-Kit® in the quick diagnosis of cholera

OBJETIVOS: Comparar el desempeño de dos sistemas rápidos de diagnóstico de cólera con el método de cultivo y proponer una estrategia que permita mejorar la especificidad y la sensibilidad de estos sistemas y disminuir los costos del diagnóstico. MÉTODOS: En el estudio participaron el Centro Nacional de Referencia en Bacteriología (CNRB) del Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA) y hospitales de las provincias de Alajuela, Guanacaste y San José, en Costa Rica. Se emplearon 237 muestras de heces para evaluar el desempeño de dos pruebas rápidas para el diagnóstico de Vibrio cholerae O1: Pathogen Detection Kit® (PDK, Intelligent Monitoring Systems, Gainsville, Florida, EUA) y Cholera-SMART® (New Horizons Diagnostics Corp., Columbia, Maryland, EUA), tanto en forma directa (SMART directo y PDK directo) como a partir de cultivos de enriquecimiento de 6 horas (SMART-6 y PDK-6) y de 18 horas (SMART-18 y PDK-18) a 37 ºC en agua de peptona alcalina. Las muestras diarreicas y semiformadas se cultivaron y se evaluaron con las pruebas rápidas directas; cuando el resultado inicial era negativo se repitieron a las 6 y 18 horas de cultivo. Los hisopados rectales y fecales se evaluaron a partir de cultivos de enriquecimiento de 6 y de 18 horas. Adicionalmente se estudió la sensibilidad analítica de los sistemas rápidos con cultivos puros de 18 a 24 horas de incubación de V. cholerae O1 (cepa SOS-833, CNRB, Costa Rica) y se evaluó la utilidad del análisis microscópico de la motilidad para racionalizar el uso de las técnicas rápidas. RESULTADOS: La sensibilidad, tanto de SMART directo como de PDK directo, fue de 100 por ciento en muestras de heces diarreicas y semiformadas y en contenido intestinal de cadáveres. Con estas muestras, el procedimiento SMART directo mostró una especificidad de 100 por ciento, mientras que con el PDK directo esta fue de 85,7 por ciento a 77,4 por ciento, en dependencia del tipo de muestra. Los resultados positivos falsos obtenidos mediante PDK directo resultaron negativos con PDK-6 y PDK-18. Entre los hisopados rectales y fecales de personas con y sin diarrea o que recibieron tratamiento previo con antibióticos se observaron tres resultados negativos falsos...

El papel del mycoplasma pneumonial en las exacerbaciones de asma bronquial y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica del adulto / The role of mycoplasma pneumonial in bronchial asthma exacerbation and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults

En el presente trabajo se evalua el papel de mycoplasma pneumoniae en reactivaciones de asma bronquial y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva cronica. Para esto se determinaron los niveles de anticuerpos contra M. Pneumoniae en el zuero de las fases aguda y convaleciente de 28 individuos con reactivacion del cuadro respiratorio. Como controles se analizaron zueros de bancos de sangre del mismo periodo y de años previos al estudio. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los pacientes y los controles del mismo año; sin embargo, la seroposidad en los años previos al estudio fue significativamente inferior, lo que sugiere que en 1987 ocurrio un pico epidemico de infecciones por M. pneumoniae

Susceptibilidad a los antibióticos de los principales grupos de bacterias aisladas de pacientes con sepsis intraabdominal en dos hospitales generales de Costa Rica / Antibiotic susceptibility of the principal groups of bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal sepsis in two Costa Rican general hospitals

Durante 1984 y 1985, se recolectó muestras de 68 pacientes con sepsis intra-abdominal, para estudiar la presencia de bacterias anaerobias, facultativas y determinar la sensibilidad a los antibióticos de los principales organismos encontrados. Bacteroides fragilis y Escherichia coli fueron las bacterias aisladas con mayor frecuencia. Todas las cepas de B. Fragilis analizadas, fueron sensibles a tinidazol, metronidazol y al cloranfenicol; sin embargo se encontro porcentajes de resistencia del 97,2 por ciento a la penicilina G, 8,3 por ciento a la clindamicina y 2,7 por ciento a la doxiciclina. Entre las cepas de E. coli estudiadas, los porcentajes de resistencia fueron de 55,9 por ciento al trimetoprin-sulfametoxazol. Los resultados obtenidos hacen ver la importancia de mantener un programa de vigilancia de la sensibilidad a los agentes bacterianos, tanto para las bacterias facultativas como anaerobias